Resonance Based Fiber Optic Sensor Research Articles

Lossy Mode Resonance Based Fiber Optic Sensor for the Detection of Acetone Concentration

Lossy Mode Resonance Based Fiber Optic Sensor for the Detection of Acetone Concentration

Recent Advances in Lossy Mode Resonance-Based Fiber Optic Sensors: A Review.

Fiber optic sensors (FOSs) based on the lossy mode resonance (LMR) technique have gained substantial attention from the scientific community. The LMR technique displays several important features over the conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon, for planning extremely sensitive FOSs. Unlike SPR, which mainly utilizes the thin film of metals, a wide range of materials such as conducting metal oxides and polymers support LMR. The past several years have witnessed a remarkable development in the field of LMR-based fiber optic sensors; through this review, we have tried to summarize the overall development of LMR-based fiber optic sensors. This review article not only provides the fundamental understanding and detailed explanation of LMR generation but also sheds light on the setup/configuration required to excite the lossy modes. Several geometries explored in the literature so far have also been addressed. In addition, this review includes a survey of the different materials capable of supporting lossy modes and explores new possible LMR supporting materials and their potential applications in sensing.

Characterization of the sensitivity of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fiber optic sensor composed of silver and nickel oxide layers

A surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensor is presented experimentally using silver and nickel oxide layers. The sensitivity analysis of the sensor has been carried out. Also, the influence of the nickel oxide layer thickness upon the sensitivity has been examined. The sensitivity is enhanced with the increase in thickness of nickel oxide layer up to 10 nm and decreased at larger values. The sensor composed of 40 nm silver-10 nm nickel oxide layers provides the highest sensitivity.

WITHDRAWN: Application of FTO and FTO/HfO2 bilayers in Lossy Mode Resonance based fiber optic sensors

• A fiber optic refractive index sensor based on LMR phenomenon is proposed. • Layers of Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) and FTO/HfO 2 bilayers are used. • Sensitivity is found to be 4075.71nm/RIU of the bilayer of FTO and HfO 2. • It is more than six times the sensitivity of only FTO based LMR sensor. • It is approximately eight times greater than the AZO based tapered fiber probe. The design of a highly sensitive, low-cost refractive index sensor is analysed numerically. The study is a theoretical modelling of a fiber optic refractive index sensor based on the phenomenon of Lossy Mode Resonances (LMRs). It focusses on the estimation of the maximum sensitivity value utilizing a layer of Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) and FTO/HfO 2 (hafnium oxide) bilayer with optimised thickness of 400nm. Effect of film thickness on the sensitivity of the sensor and appearance of LMRs with increasing film thickness from 100nm to 700nm is also studied. The maximum sensitivity of the bilayer with total thickness of 400nm is found to be 4075.71nm/RIU, which is more than six times the sensitivity of only FTO based LMR sensor and approximately eight times greater than the Aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO) tapered fiber probe. Power loss reduction of 1.75 times can also be observed for the bilayer coated probe.

ITO/Polymer matrix assisted surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensor

Owing to the ease of implementation, the field of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based sensors are seeing a surge of research interest from last two decades. In this paper, we present and numerically characterize a simple SPR based fiber optic refractive index sensing probe. The sensing probe utilizes a layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) and polymer matrix on the bare core of a multimoded fiber. The polymer is a combination of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The film of ITO induces plasmonic excitation and the polymer matrix of PAH/PAA enhances the sensitivity and figure of merit of the device. Moreover, the coating of polymer materials over ITO is not time consuming and can easily be processed by dip coating. The optimum values of the sensitivity, DA, and FoM as exhibited by the sensing probe are respectively 10.28 µm/refractive index unit (RIU), 2.62 µm−1, and 22.07 RIU−1 for analyte refractive indices (RIs) varying between 1.33 and 1.38 RIU.

Ag-Ni bimetallic film on CaF2 prism for high sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor

We present a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) structure based on Kretschmann configuration incorporating bimetallic layers of noble (Ag) and magnetic materials (Ni) over CaF2 prism. Extensive numerical analysis based on transfer matrix theory has been performed to characterize the sensor response considering sensitivity, full width at half maxima, and minimum reflection. Notably, the proposed structure, upon suitably optimizing the thickness of bimetallic layer provides consistent enhancement of sensitivity over other competitive SPR structures. Hence we believe that this proposed SPR sensor could find the new platform for the medical diagnosis, chemical examination and biological detection. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ. Homola, S.S. Yee, G. Gauglitz, "Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on planar light pipe: theoretical optimization analysis", Sens. Actuators B Chem. 54, 3 (1999). CrossRef X.D. Hoa, A.G. Kirk, M. 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The surface plasmon resonance-based fiber optic sensors: A theoretical comparative study with 2D TMDC materials

In this study, the surface plasmon resonance-based fiber optic sensor using two-dimensional (2D) TMDC materials covering the Au/Ag bimetallic layer has been reported. Since MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2 are the most popular ones, they are constructed as the resonant layer of the sensor. The layer-dependencies and heterostructures of the TMDC materials are examined for the determination of their effect on the performance of the SPR sensor. The performance parameters of the SPR sensor, the sensitivity, accuracy, and figure of merit, are calculated with the help of the MATLAB simulations. It is found out that considering the very small change in the refractive index of the sensing medium (0.0025), the monolayer MoSe2 has the highest sensitivity value of 8096 nm/RIU. In contrast, the monolayer WS2 has the highest accuracy and figure of merit values of 0.34 and 136.89 RIU−1, respectively. This study will be benefited for a better understanding of the performance of the SPR based fiber optic sensor depending on the number of layers of TMDC materials and based on their heterostructures.

Lossy mode resonance-based fiber optic sensor using layer-by-layer SnO2 thin film and SnO2 nanoparticles

A novel LMR-based optical fiber sensor fabricated with SnO 2 thin film is proposed in this paper, and SnO 2 nanoparticles overlayed on film are further utilized to raise the sensitivity of sensor. The numerical SnO 2 sensing models coated with SnO 2 NPs of two different particle interval are constructed, and the sensitivity enhance by 24.5% and 55.1% respectively compare to that only with SnO 2 film. In the following research experiments, layer-by-layer method is firstly applied in deposition of SnO 2 film and the enhancement in sensitivity caused by SnO 2 NPs tallies with the theoretical predictions. Finally, this paper goes further into the principles of sensitizing combined with the simulation of electric field strength and the characteristics of nanoparticles. The sensor with controllable film and high repeatability possesses high sensitivity up to 5334 nm/RIU theoretical and 4704 nm/RIU experimental, which provides information for utilization of nanoparticles in LMR sensing. • A novel SnO 2 lossy-mode resonance fiber optic sensor utilizing SnO 2 nanoparticles is proposed. • The sensors possess sensitivity up to 5334 nm/RIU theoretical and 4704 nm/RIU experimental. • Firstly apply layer-by-layer method to fabricate SnO 2 LMR sensors. • Explore the relationship between sensitivity of LMR sensors and thickness of film. • Study the sensitization of SnO 2 NPs to SnO 2 LMR sensors.

Fluoride Fiber Sensor With Huge Performance Enhancement via Optimum Radiative Damping at Ag–Al2O3–Graphene Heterojunction on Silicon

Surface plasmon resonance-based fiber optic sensor with multilayer heterojunction is simulated and analyzed. The constituent materials are ZBLAN fluoride core, NaF clad, amorphous Si layer, Ag layer, Al2O3 interlayer, and graphene monolayer. The main idea behind the study is to optimize the radiative damping ( i.e. , optimum radiative damping, ORD) at the Ag–Al2O3–graphene heterojunction in order to enhance the sensor's figure of merit (FOM) as much as possible. The effect of graphene monolayer's presence on sensor's FOM is also examined. Multiple occurrences of ORD may be achieved by coordinated variation of Ag and Al2O3 layer thicknesses along with light wavelength. Among the several prominent ORD conditions, the combination of 45.3-nm-thick Ag layer, 11-nm-thick Al2O3 layer, and 938.7-nm wavelength leads to a massively large FOM of 31806.65 RIU–1. The above FOM of the FOSPR sensor is nearly six times that for the corresponding prism-based SPR sensor ( i.e. , 5500 RIU–1) reported earlier with Al2O3 interlayer and MoS2 monolayer at λ = 1200 nm. Further, the proposed sensor provides substantially greater FOM compared to existing prism-based and FOSPR sensors.

Performance study of surface plasmon resonance and lossy mode resonance based fiber optic sensors utilizing silver and indium oxide layers: An experimental investigation

This study presents here the experimental investigations on a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)/lossy mode resonance (LMR) based fiber optic sensors coated with silver and indium oxide layers. Different sensing probes have been fabricated by coating (i) a single layer of indium oxide, (ii) a single layer of silver and (iii) a double layer of indium oxide and silver (with different thicknesses) symmetrically onto to the bare core of silica fiber. The sensitivity of these fiber optic sensing probes towards surrounding region refractive index variations are determined using different concentrations of sucrose solutions. It was found that sensor probe fabricated with coating of 100 nm thickness of indium oxide was two times more sensitive than the conventionally used fiber optic sensing probe coated with only silver layer. The sensitivity of a double layer coated fiber optic sensor with various thicknesses of indium oxide and silver layers is in between the two extremes of the sensitivities. This study will find suitable applications in the field of chemical and biochemical sensing. The drawbacks of silver coatings and the advantages of LMR supporting indium oxide have also been discussed.

Performance parameters evaluation of surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensor with different bilayer metals: Theoretical study.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based fiber optic sensor with three types of bilayer configurations (silver/gold, copper/gold, and aluminum/gold) is theoretically analyzed. Performance parameters like sensitivity, signal to noise ratio, figure of merit, and resolution are evaluated for each configuration. Signal to noise ratio (SNR), and figure of merit (FOM) are enhanced very well for the selected bilayer configurations as the outer gold layer thickness increased, the sensitivity enhanced also but with small frictions while the resolution has decreased slightly.

Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Fiber Optic Sensor: Theoretical Simulation and Experimental Realization

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based fiber optic sensor with two types of plasmonic metals (gold and silver) are theoretically studied and implemented experimentally. Performance characteristics like sensitivity, signal to noise ratio, the figure of merit, and resolution are evaluated for both simulated and fabricated sensor. The results of theoretical and experimental studies and also between the sensor with the gold layer and that with silver have been compared. Sensitivity is larger for the sensor with the gold layer while the signal to noise ratio and figure of merit are larger for the sensor with the silver layer for both the experimental and theoretical studies. The resolution is slightly larger for the sensor with the gold layer and there is some difference between the resolution of the simulated and that of the fabricated sensor.

Surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensor using an additional layer of platinum: A theoretical study

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based fiber optic sensor with bimetallic layers of Au/Ag/Cu-Pt is theoretically studied. The outer Pt layer over Au/Ag/Cu layer is shown to enhance the sensitivity of SPR sensor. For a fixed thickness of Au/Ag/Cu layer, the sensitivity increases with increase in Pt layer thickness. Sensitivity also enhances with increase in thickness of Au/Ag/Cu layer for all thicknesses of Pt layers. Besides, Au-Pt bimetallic layers based SPR sensor possesses higher sensitivity than that of Ag-Pt and Cu-Pt bimetallic layers. 50nm Au–20nm Pt based SPR sensor exhibits maximum sensitivity of 3571nm/RIU.

Surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensor for the detection of cysteine using diosmin capped silver nanoparticles

A simple green method to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is described where diosmin acts as reducing and capping agent. Formation of diosmin capped silver nanoparticles (Dios-AgNPs) was characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, TEM, Raman imaging and FTIR analysis. Investigations on the biosensing of Dios-AgNPs among various amino acids showed excellent response towards cysteine. Further an SPR based fiber optic sensor for cysteine was fabricated and its sensitivity, selectivity and limit of detection were investigated and reported. The fiber optic sensor was developed by coating a thin film of silver over the unclad core of the fiber and then coated with Dios-AgNPs. The sensor has advantages of low cost of production, fast response, high selectivity and sensitivity. The sensor can be used for online monitoring and remote sensing applications.

Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Fiber Optic Sensors Utilizing Molecular Imprinting.

Molecular imprinting is earning worldwide attention from researchers in the field of sensing and diagnostic applications, due to its properties of inevitable specific affinity for the template molecule. The fabrication of complementary template imprints allows this technique to achieve high selectivity for the analyte to be sensed. Sensors incorporating this technique along with surface plasmon or localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR/LSPR) provide highly sensitive real time detection with quick response times. Unfolding these techniques with optical fiber provide the additional advantages of miniaturized probes with ease of handling, online monitoring and remote sensing. In this review a summary of optical fiber sensors using the combined approaches of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and the SPR/LSPR technique is discussed. An overview of the fundamentals of SPR/LSPR implementation on optical fiber is provided. The review also covers the molecular imprinting technology (MIT) with its elementary study, synthesis procedures and its applications for chemical and biological anlayte detection with different sensing methods. In conclusion, we explore the advantages, challenges and the future perspectives of developing highly sensitive and selective methods for the detection of analytes utilizing MIT with the SPR/LSPR phenomenon on optical fiber platforms.

Experimental and theoretical studies on localized surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensor using graphene oxide coated silver nanoparticles

An optical fiber based refractive index sensor using graphene oxide (GO) encapsulated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is reported. The AgNPs are encapsulated with a very thin layer of GO as it controls the inter-particle distance thereby preventing aggregation. The encapsulation also enhances the colloidal stability and prevents the oxidation of the AgNPs by separating them from direct contact with the aqueous medium. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy results support the formation of 1 nm thick GO around AgNPs of an average size of 35 nm. A Raman spectrometer and a UV–VIS spectrometer have been used to characterize and study the synthesized nanoparticles along with GO. Further, Raman spectra support a 64.72% increase in D-peak intensity and a 52.91% increase in G-peak intensity of the GO-encapsulated AgNPs (GOE-AgNPs) with respect to GO. Further, the GOE-AgNPs are immobilized on the core of functionalized plastic-cladded silica fiber. FESEM confirms the immobilization of the GOE-AgNPs on the fiber core. We observed that the peak absorbance changes by 87.55% with a 0.05 change in the refractive index. The sensitivity of the proposed fiber sensor is found to be 0.9406 ΔA/RIU along with a resolution of 12.8  ×   RIU. MATLAB is used to calculate the absorbance of the AgNPs by considering the bound and free electron contribution along with the size-dependent dispersion of the nanoparticles. We found that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Theoretical study of surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensor utilizing an additional layer of zinc oxide

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based fiber optic sensor with bi layers of Pt-ZnO is theoretically studied. Sensitivity and figure of merit of sensor enhance with increase in thickness of Pt layer for all thicknesses of ZnO layers. Also, for a fixed thickness of Pt layer, sensitivity and figure of merit rise as the thickness of ZnO layer is raised from 0nm to 20nm 40nm Pt–20nm ZnO based SPR sensor demonstrates the highest sensitivity of 3161nm/RIU.

Theoretical Study of Surface Plasmon Resonance-based Fiber Optic Sensor Utilizing Cobalt and Nickel Films

A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based fiber optic sensor with cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) layers (one layer at a time) is theoretically analyzed. The sensitivity of sensor increases linearly with increase in refractive index of sensing medium for all thicknesses of Co and Ni layers. Besides it, SPR sensor with Co layer has been shown to demonstrate higher sensitivity than that of Ni layer. The usage of Co in place of noble metals (such as gold and silver) curtails the cost of SPR sensor. Optimized thicknesses of Co and Ni layers are found to be 80 nm and 60 nm, respectively.

Surface Plasmon Resonance based fiber optic sensor for mercury detection using gold nanoparticles PVA hybrid

ABSTRACT Fabrication of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) based fiber optic sensor for mercury detection utilizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)–PVA hybrid as sensing material is reported. Films of citrate capped AuNPs in PVA matrix are prepared and their optical properties are studied. UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Particle size analysis (DLS) are performed to ascertain the formation of Au-NPs. Aqueous Hg 2+ sensing of citrate capped gold nanoparticles in PVA matrix are investigated. Further SPR based fiber optic sensor has been fabricated using citrate capped AuNPs-PVA hybrid as sensing material. The detection limit of the proposed sensor is found to be 1 ×10 −6  M.

Theoretical analysis of surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensor using ITO and ZnO thin films

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based fiber optic sensor with bi layers of ITO–ZnO is theoretically analyzed. The top ZnO layer over ITO layer has been shown to improve the sensitivity of SPR sensor. For all thicknesses of ITO layers, the sensitivity enhances with increase in ZnO layer thickness. SPR based fiber optic sensor with bi layers of 50 nm ITO-30 nm ZnO displays the highest sensitivity of 2202 nm/RIU.